A CO₂ laser tube is a sealed glass discharge tube that generates infrared light at 10.6 μm. It’s the heart of many desktop and industrial laser machines used for non-metal cutting and engraving. Typical materials include acrylic (PMMA), wood/MDF, leather, paperboard, rubber and some coated plastics. Compared with diode or fiber lasers, a glass CO₂ tube offers a smooth beam for wide work areas at an attractive cost.
How it works
Inside the tube is a gas mixture—primarily carbon dioxide, nitrogen and helium. When a high-voltage laser power supply excites the gas, nitrogen transfers energy to CO₂ molecules, which then emit photons. Two mirrors form a resonator: a high-reflective mirror on one end and a partial-reflective output coupler on the other. The amplified light exits as a laser beam, is steered by Si/Mo mirrors, and focused by a ZnSe lens to cut or engrave the material.
Key components
Glass envelope with water jacket for closed-loop water cooling
Electrodes and high-voltage terminals
Gas fill (CO₂/N₂/He) sealed at low pressure
Resonator mirrors (HR & OC) precisely aligned in the tube
Mounts and alignment fixtures for easy installation
Power, size, and lifetime
Most hobby and light-industrial machines use tubes from 30–200 W; higher power generally means a longer tube. Quality tubes deliver a stable beam and maintain power over time. Depending on build quality, cooling, and operating current, lifetime typically ranges from 3,000–10,000 hours (and more for premium models).
What can it cut?
CO₂ laser tubes excel at non-metal materials: acrylic signs, light-box panels, wooden displays, leather goods, packaging, gaskets, stamps, and more. They do not cut bare metals effectively; for metals, fiber or specialized CO₂ metal systems are used. However, marking on coated or anodized surfaces is common.
Installation & maintenance tips
Use distilled water at 15–25 °C with adequate flow; never fire the tube without cooling.
Keep mirrors and the focusing lens clean; avoid smoke buildup with proper ventilation.
Align the optical path after moving the machine or replacing parts.
Run within the recommended current; overdriving shortens life.
Ensure a dry, dust-free environment and stable power supply.
Safety first
CO₂ lasers emit invisible infrared. Enclosures, interlocks, correct eyewear for 10.6 μm, and fume extraction are essential. Follow local regulations for laser safety and exhaust filtration.
How to choose a CO₂ laser tube
Match the tube to your working area and materials:
Power & length compatible with your machine
Stable output and consistent spot quality
Energy efficiency and cooling requirements
Warranty, support, and availability of mirrors, lenses, and power supplies
OEM/ODM options if you build or upgrade machines
Have questions about sizing, compatibility, or upgrades? Contact us and our application team will recommend a tube model and starting parameters for your materials.
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